How online behavior demonstrates psychological conflicts in Emile Durkheim’s collective consciousness of societies highly involved in the COVID-19 pandemic

Introduction For the first time in December 2019, a pneumonia of unknown cause was discovered in Wuhan, China. In January 2020, the World Health Organization (WHO) confirmed the outbreak as a “Public Health Emergency of International Concern”.1 On March 11, 2020, WHO described COVID-19 as a pandemic. “Pandemic is not a word to use lightly or carelessly. It is a word that, if misused, can cause unreasonable fear, or unjustified acceptance that the fight is over, leading to unnecessary suffering and death,” the WHO Director-General said at a news conference on COVID-19.2 While the COVID-19 outbreak has caused great concern among scholars, governments, and the general population, less is known about its psychological and behavioral effects on societies. Most profound human conflicts arise in times of crisis. According to Emile Durkheim, every society has a “Collective Consciousness” (CC),3,4 and the function of CC is based on the activation of conflicts. Due to activated conflicts, the potential issues in confronting COVID-19 might be predictable. Lexical hypothesis, on the other hand, merits that applied language mirrors personality features and conflicts 5,6. This approach has been generally used to describe the personality dimension of individuals .6-8 Applying it in a broader context that is, assessing dimensions of social consciousness remains an area of study. Cloninger defines the core of a human’s personality as “self-aware consciousness” or “coherence of being”, which is the awareness of the world that surrounds us as well as one’s intuitive awareness of one’s self as a unique being .9 Self-aware Consciousness is a live and free awareness


Introduction
For the first time in December 2019, a pneumonia of unknown cause was discovered in Wuhan, China. In January 2020, the World Health Organization (WHO) confirmed the outbreak as a "Public Health Emergency of International Concern". 1 On March 11, 2020, WHO described COVID-19 as a pandemic. "Pandemic is not a word to use lightly or carelessly. It is a word that, if misused, can cause unreasonable fear, or unjustified acceptance that the fight is over, leading to unnecessary suffering and death, " the WHO Director-General said at a news conference on COVID-19. 2 While the COVID-19 outbreak has caused great concern among scholars, governments, and the general population, less is known about its psychological and behavioral effects on societies. Most profound human conflicts arise in times of crisis.
According to Emile Durkheim, every society has a "Collective Consciousness" (CC), 3,4 and the function of CC is based on the activation of conflicts. Due to activated conflicts, the potential issues in confronting COVID-19 might be predictable. Lexical hypothesis, on the other hand, merits that applied language mirrors personality features and conflicts 5,6 . This approach has been generally used to describe the personality dimension of individuals . [6][7][8] Applying it in a broader context -that is, assessing dimensions of social consciousness -remains an area of study.
Cloninger defines the core of a human's personality as "self-aware consciousness" or "coherence of being", which is the awareness of the world that surrounds us as well as one's intuitive awareness of one's self as a unique being . 9 Self-aware Consciousness is a live and free awareness of the world that can predict variances in people's level of "awareness of reality" or "the unity of being". [9][10][11] Selfaware consciousness, based on the degree of growth or development, can lead to art and creativity, science, wisdom --or personality disorders. 10,11 The hierarchy of the levels of consciousness consists of five stages: 1) Consciousness of being-that is, being aware of a stable existence and persistence in time, where a lack of this sense might cause relentless engagement in sexual and risk-taking behavior.
2) The consciousness of free will; lack of this awareness can cause irresponsibility.
3) The consciousness of beauty; impairment of this aesthetic sense can cause a lack of a sense of love, wonder, and admiration. 4) The consciousness of truth -awareness of the intrinsic and inner unity of all the components of this world, which is the basis of faith. 5) The highest stage of consciousness is the consciousness of goodness; persistent preoccupation with revenge and attributing evil qualities to enemies can show a failure to reach this point. 9, 11 Cloninger also defines five layers of personality or "planes of being" according to people's adaptation to confronting problems that beget unique concerns according to the individual's perspective. Sexual plane: the concerns and conflicts of this plane are perceived as issues of reproduction and sexuality. Material plane: these concerns involve property, prestige, and social status. Emotional plane: these concerns are perceived to be around emotional bonds and social attachments. Intellectual level: these concerns include culture, communication, and problem-solving. The spiritual plane: these areconcerns beyond the individual human's personal existence. 9,11 These classifications provide a multifaceted and dynamic matrix that can predict humans' flexibility, adaptation mechanisms, and well-being in interaction with stressors. Despite dynamicity, human thought can be used as a core indicator of the states of being. 11 The conflicts of thought can be brought into consciousness by expressing them, for example, in speaking or writing . 9 Measuring thoughts through speech, therefore, can be a valuable tool in revealing humans' conflicts. Personality characteristics also, get encoded as terms and words in everyday language. 6 With this categorization of conflicts, Cloninger conducted interesting research on people (such as Emerson and Thoreau) about conflicts that occurred at different times and events based on their writings. In this article, similar work has been conducted leading not to individuals but to the society, not to writings but to data collected from Google Trends (Infodemiology).
To find new methods and approaches for identifying conflicts in the collective consciousness, it is crucial to take advantage of real-time internet data. Infodemiology, that is, information epidemiology, is a concept that was introduced by Gunther Eysenbach. 12,13 In infodemiology, Internet resources and data are used to inform public health and policy. 14,15 Selecting the correct terms is the key to valid results when examining online queries. 16 As human conflicts are so well categorized in Cloninger's proposed planes of being, we selected search terms according to this category through conflict tables. Therefore, Google Trends Service can be a valuable way of assessing the conflicts involved in dealing with any crisis as the popularity of the terms searched by each region is identifiable.
This study aims to examine the conflicts inflicted by the current COVID-19 pandemics in the collective consciousness of societies. The interpretation of events plays an important role in dealing with the crisis and this interpretation varies among individuals of different societies. Google Trends shows how much a given search term enters the Google search engine over a given period -in this case during the pandemic COVID-19 crisis. Since this service uses algorithms with little apparent bias, it shows the popularity of search terms in each region. The popularity of terms searched in each region when the terms are categorized according to five distinct layers of personality-planes of being can be used to understand societal concerns and inflicted conflicts.
The national search patterns on the Google platform are open to many different interpretations. Due to the merits of Cloninger's interpretive scheme, which is the only theory that explains self-awareness and identifies the elements and stages of its development and the conflicts of each stage (as the most important factors in determining one's behavior), here we have relied exclusively on this interpretive structure. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study making an effort to understand and interpret the conflicts of societies that are heavily involved in the COVID-19.

Materials and Methods
With the increasing use of mobile phones and the internet around the world, data generated using these technologies can provide a complementary approach to monitoring behavior trends. Google Trends, along with Twitter, is the most popular infodemiology resource that is widely used in healthcare to analyze and predict diseases and epidemics. 17 In this paper, the role of Google query data in the predictability of awakening conflicts of societies was shown in recent research as "Cognitive reflection correlates with behavior on Twitter", 18 "Forecasting influenza-like illness trends in Cameroon using Google Search Data", 19 and "COVID-19 predictability in the United States using Google Trends time series". 20 Data from the Google Trends platform were retrieved in .csv 21 and were normalized over the selected period. Google Trends reports an adjustment process as follows: "Search results are normalized to the time and location of a query by the following process: Each data point is divided by the total searches of the geography and time range it represents to compare relative popularity. Otherwise, places with the most search volume would always be ranked highest. The resulting numbers are then scaled on a range of 0 to 100 based on a topic's proportion to all searches on all topics. Different regions that show the same search interest for a term do not always have the same total search volumes". 22 The data collection methodology is based on the Google Trends Methodology Framework in Infodemiology and Infoveillance. 23 We used Google Trends to find the terms that were most often searched by the societies most affected in the COVID-19 pandemic: France, Germany, Iran, Italy, Japan, South Korea, Spain, United Kingdom, and the United States in the seven days following the pandemic announcement (March 15 to 22, 2020. A set of keywords considered representative of each plane of self-aware consciousness for describing activated conflicts in societies were selected and defined according to Cloninger's "The Quantitative Measurement of Thought" 9 : 15 terms for the level of "Consciousness of Being", 23 terms for the "Consciousness of Free Will" level, 33 terms for the "Consciousness of Beauty", 29 terms for the "Consciousness of Truth" level, and 19 search terms in the "Consciousness of Goodness" level (Table 1).

Results
We independently examined each level of consciousness for each country. The results are shown in the following tables. The last column shows the quartile of the data set. The higher quartet and the maximum interest of each region have been shown by * and **, respectively. Table 2 shows the search interest by Google Trends based on the Sexual Plane (Consciousness of Being). For Italy, Spain, and France, the highest interest term was the Black-Death (25,43, and 14 respectively). The most interesting terms among Japanese were Live, Trust, and Panic, with a score of 2 for each. Sex was the most interesting term in Iran (with a count of 6). The most popular term in the UK was Anxiety. Live was the most popular term in Germany. The Americans were confronted with the notions of Mortality. The injury was the most important search term in South Korea. Table 3 shows the search interest in the Material Plane (Consciousness of Free Will). In Iran, Spain, Italy, and France the focus was on Duty (58, 64, 52, and 62 respectively). The Japanese were thinking about Competition. The most interesting term in South Korea was Greed, while for Americans it was Impulsivity. In Germany and the UK, Anger and Charity were the most popular, respectively. Table 4 shows the search interest in the Emotional Plane (Consciousness of Beauty). In France, Protection had the highest interest. Among Iranians, Intimacy had the highest interest. In Germany and Italy, Comfort was the most popular search term. Among the Japanese, on the other hand, Affection rated the highest. In South Korea, Spain, and the UK, the terms Sensitivity, Social, and Support were the most searched, respectively. Table 5 shows the search interest in the Intellectual Plane (Consciousness of Truth). While Perfection was the most searched item in Italy, Spain, and Germany, in Iran it was Prejudice. Self Sufficiency, Resistance, and Persistence were the most searched terms in Japan, France, and South Korea, respectively. Table 6 shows the search interest in the Spiritual Plane (Consciousness of Goodness). While Tolerance was the most searched item in the UK, USA, and South Korea, it was Coherence in Iran, Spain, and France. In Japan and Germany people searched for Hope the most. In the USA both Acceptance and Tolerance were equally searched.  In this study, we have shown that seeking trends on the Internet may be accurate predictors of the behavior of societies, considering their most involved conflicts. Predicting people's behaviors when dealing with crises is one of the most important needs of scholars and policymakers. As behaviors are associated with the activation of intra-psychic conflicts, any attempt to identify such conflicts is of crucial importance. Referring to cyberspace and finding terms that people in the community pay special interest to can be a vital tool in understanding conflicts and interpreting consequent behavior.

Discussion
The term collective consciousness (CC) refers to the conditions of the subject in society as a whole and how individuals see themselves in a group. This term has been used by social theorists/psychoanalysts such as Durkheim, Althusser, and Yong to describe how an autonomous individual identifies with the larger group/structure 3,4 . According to Durkheim, every society has a CC that as an independent force influences the attitudes of individuals. Individual awareness and moral conscience are derived from a prescriptive system that forces members of society to think, judge, and act on certain socially desirable norms. According to this theory, the character of CC depends on the type of mnemonic encoding used within a group 3,24 .
In the age of big data, Google analytics has become a valuable tool for researchers to explore and predict human behavior, as online data are said to be correlated with actual health data [25][26][27][28][29][30] . This paper illustrates how Google Trends can be used to examine issue salience for hard-tosurvey mass populations. To the best of our knowledge, the current study is the first one that attempts to identify the conflicts and dominant issues of the countries profoundly involved in the COVID-19 pandemic, as the deepest psychiatric conflicts emerge in crises.

The conflicts identified in the Sexual Plane (Consciousness of Being)
In Spain, Italy, and France, the highest interest was in the Black-Death, which is based on Cloninger's "The Quantitative Measurement of Thought" 9 and activates "2.1: Hopelessness (fatigability)/ostentation (anxious showoff)" conflict can be interpreted in light of the historical memories of these particular societies which had had a tough experience of Black Death related to plague pandemy in the medieval era.
Black-Death recall might play a destructive role in the psyche of these societies, depleting their psychic energy in dealing with the disease. Some Iranians were at the level of "2.0: Emptiness (fear of annihilation/hate-filled lust)". They may have wanted to offset the fear of destruction and helplessness with eroticism. Others, however, took the issue quite seriously and dealt with it as "2.5: Harm Avoidance (feel sick and/or anxious)" conflicts, with search terms such as Mortality, Panic, Injury, Black-Death, Harm and Death of equal interest. "2.6: Cautiousness and careless worry are at risk" shows some Iranians were willing to follow health guidelines while others were not. With the onset of the disease, however, there was less denial and more anxiety.
The Japanese seemed to deal with life/death and trust/ mistrust conflicts. They were prone to Trust in "2.6: Basic trust (helpless/exploitative, taking advantage)", while from "2.5: Harm Avoidance conflict (anxiety and/or anxious/ denial of sickness and/or anxiety)" they moved to Anxiety and Panic. It is probably that the Trust and the lifecentered approach and support of mother surrogates will give this society good morals and make them resistant to the onslaught of disease.
At this level, Americans were preoccupied with the notions of Mortality, Harm, and Anxiety, given their greater focus on life/death conflict with mortality and their attention to "2.5: harm avoidance (anxiety and/or anxious denial of sickness and/or anxiety)" Injuries and Anxiety. Therefore, Anxiety and Fear of Injury and Death would be expected to increase and would emerge at the lowest levels of the American social consciousness rather than socioeconomically.
Germans thought more about Live in the conflict of life/death. They look at Mortality, Harm, and Coitus much lower than Live. In the contrast between life/death, "2.5: harm avoidance (feel sick and/or anxious/ denial of sickness and/or anxiety)", they have taken the life side. They are less likely to behave inappropriately and disproportionately.
The British have become Anxious in the "2.5: Harm Avoidance conflict (feeling sick and/or anxious/denial of illness and/or anxiety)", and they were worried and Panic-stricken, but in their Trust/Mistrust conflict, "2.9: Basic confidence and responsibility (mocking/flattering orexhibiting)" they have taken the side of the Trust, therefore, this trust may have alleviated their Anxiety and prevented irregular reactions.
The South Koreans were the most important Injury seeker, with Black Death indicating that they took the concern very seriously and was almost at odds with the "2.6: Cautiousness/careless concern of risk"as there was no possibility of underestimating the problem. They were more likely to be frightened.

The conflicts identified in the Material Plane (Consciousness of Free Will)
In four countries, Iran, Italy, Spain, and France, the focus was on Duty. In other words, they were at the highest level of materiality that has reached the Charity stage, from the conflict of selfishness/service of others to the task and the powerful performance of the tasks "Feeling powerful and purposeful (giving direction/sarcasm)".
Iranians thought of a powerful Fight with disease "3.8: Industrious and exploratory power-seeking/skeptical rigidity" as well as conflict "3.7: Impulsive, innovative, liberal, accepting, transience/traditional, conservative permanence" have reached discretion and forethought.
The Italians, along with their Duty, also thought about Fight and struggle. But thinking about Weapons may have been a sign of their involvement in conflict "3.4: Anger or quick loss of temper/slowness to lose temper" and their thinking about Anger would be something to consider.
The Japanese thought about Competition, and the conflict of "3.2: Autonomy with competition and seeking control/regulation (feeling trapped)" that would tend to compete. This seems to indicate that their flexibility was low and they were still thinking about the same relationship as before COVID-19. They were waiting for the crisis to pass and the competition to reopen. The same Greed was active at this point and the conflict of "3.2: Greed, self-aggrandizement/guilt and blaming others when unsuccessful or incredulity (derealization) when successful" was resolved in favor of Voracity. Probably the Japanese brokers who were active in material and competitive issues were still thinking about their former relationships and trying to profit from the post-crisis situation.
South Koreans were also involved in the conflict of "3.2: Greed, self-aggrandizement/guilt and blaming others when unsuccessful or incredulity (derealization) when successful", as well as the conflict between "3.6: Argumentative, liking to debate/compliant or deferential" led them to Argument in the event of problems. They were also Competitive, and the quest for superiority along with the pull of Duty balanced their approach to issues. Americans in Conflict "3.7: Impulsive, innovative, liberal, accepting transience/traditional, conservative permanence" tended to Impulsivity. In terms of conflict "Anger or quick loss of temper/slowness to lose temper" they tended to Anger. The tendency for Weapon might have made their rage more violent, but the high inclination to Duty and possibly because of their prioritization may have tempered the conflicts mentioned above. Their treatment staff may also have shown anger and resentment at the same time as conscientiousness.
In France, this was the biggest Duty at this level and seemed to be at the highest level of conflict, "3.9: Feeling powerful and purposeful (giving direction/sarcasm)"; the issue that might have arisen is that the level of Argument was high and it seemed to conflict with "3.6: Argumentative, liking to debate/complaint or deferential". If things do not go well, many people will go to the right to protest and argue for the right policies, and these protests will occur especially when there is Frustration due to "3.0: Disorderliness, leading to acts of aggression (fight) when frustrated/regimented, leading to retreat (flight, escape) when frustrated with fear for self and feeling powerlessness, humiliation, or shame".
In Germany, while Duty was on the positive side of material-level conflicts, Anger was also high. It appears to have conflicted with"3.4: Anger or quick loss of temper/slowness to lose temper" and might have caused reactions. The Weapon is an especially interesting term and Greed was one of the top choices that showed layers of people and part of their collective spirit with "3.2: Greed, self-aggrandizement/guilt and blaming others when unsuccessful or incredulity (derealization) when successful", as there is no distraction from Greed.
In England, Duty "3.9: Feeling powerful and purposeful (giving direction/sarcasm)" and Charity "3.8: Industrious and exploratory power-seeking/skeptical rigidity" were the main conflicts. There were also Angry "3.4: Anger or rapid loss of temper/slowness to lose temper" and the possibility of "3.7: Impulsive, innovative, liberal, accepting transience/traditional, conservative permanence" reactions.

The conflicts identified in the Emotional Plane (Consciousness of Beauty)
In France, Protection had the highest percentage of interest. It seems that in conflict "4.0: Complaints of succorance or approval and protection-seeking/rejection of others" the French have selected Protection and will not refuse support and the support of the government and institutions should be shown to them. Therefore, the government and institutions must show their benevolence to the people. The need for Affection was high: "4.6: Need for intimacy (warmth)/detachment (coldness)"; they took sides with emotions and their sense of intimacy should not be taken away from them. The Solitude term is interesting in France and shows that in some parts of the French collective spirit, they can tolerate independent loneliness in conflict with "4.4: Social dependence (dependently demanding, need for social protection)/independence (resisting social pressure)".
Among Iranians, the categories of Intimacy, Sensitivity, Loneliness, and Sympathy were the highest interest. In conflict "4.6: need for intimacy (warmth)/detachment (coldness)", Intimacy was the priority for them. In conflict "4.7: Tender-minded sentimentality (sensitivity to social cues)/tough-minded (insensitivity to social cues)" they tended to favor Sensitivity. Considering community issues, Sympathy was more important than mere pragmatism in "4.1: Yearning for sympathetic companionship/disgust". For Iranians, Loneliness was a problem in "4.1: Concern about approval or loneliness/being unloved" where concerns about loneliness and being separated from society were important. These emotional traits may have rendered them quarantined and endangered while being socially and mentally supportive.
In Germany, thoughts of Comfort suggest "4.8: appeasement and attachments (emotional affirmation, comfort) or relief of discomfort" and feelings of Depression and in need of social Support suggests "4.4: Seeking support and commitment/convenience (declining support)" conflicts. The commitment of the government and the institutions to support them is vital.
In Italy seeking Comfort indicated conflict in "4.8: Need for appeasement and attachments (emotional affirmation, comfort) or relief of discomfort". Feeling Lonely, however, pointed to the conflict in "4.1: Concern about approval or loneliness/being unloved". They were Grief-stricken by the loss of good people and situations.
The Japanese thought about Sympathy and Affection, and if they could not get it, it may have caused Disgust "4.1: Yearning for sympathetic companionship/disgust". In South Koreans, Sensitivity and social Dependency were important "4.4: Social dependence (dependently demanding, need for social protection)/independent (resisting social pressure)". Affection and emotions were very important.
The Spanish perspective was more Social "4.4: Social dependence (dependently demanding, need for social protection)/independence (resisting social pressure)". They felt the need for Support and they sought it in the social field and Loneliness could thus cause concerns "4.1: Concern about approval or loneliness/being unloved".
In Britain in conflict "4.4: Seeking support and commitment/convenience (declining support)" theylooked for Support. Getting involved in Isolation, and possibly "4.2: Social Vulnerability (feeling hurt, wounded, rejected)/social aloofness". Mourning for losses (relationships, communication, financial problems, lifestyle) led them to seek Relief and Comfort.
Relief was the most important thing in America, looking for Support and Comfort, and becoming Sensitive. In conflict was "4.8: Need for appeasement and attachments (emotional affirmation, comfort) or relief of discomfort"; Americans seemed to look for Comfort with a sense of calmness and Relief and to have expectations of their community.

The conflicts identified in the Intellectual Plane (Consciousness of Truth)
Iranians were involved with conflict "5.4: Determination to succeed and little reaction to frustration or nonreward" and wanted Perfectionist achievements. They were also involved in issues related to Prejudice, and in contrast to "5.2: Tolerance/avoiding prejudice towards others", some gave way to Prejudice and some replaced tolerance. They also began to question how they feel about their rationality, preparing for a rational look at issues "5.0: Need to maximize rationality (work-hardened)/ minimizing spoiled emotionality".
In France, they considered Resistance, which is in line with "5.5: Persistence (determining attainment of happiness) and resisting underachievement". They also tended to Effort, the conflict "5.6: Generative service to others, the eagerness of effort, or acts of morality and resistance to laziness, moral relativism or autocratic control (respecting the freedom of others within your influence)". They also thought about Perfectionism and determination and decided to succeed "5.4: Determination to succeed and little reaction to frustration or non-reward". Thus the French were likely to work hard, resist, and strive.
The Germans considered of Perfectionism "5.4: Determination to succeed and little reaction to frustration or non-reward". They engaged in Persistence, the level of "5.5: Persistence (determining attainment of happiness) and resisting underachievement", but Bias also influenced their attitude. In some way bias can be related to prejudice "5.2: Tolerance/avoiding prejudice level towards others". In other words, in Germany, they looked at the problem of Perfectionism but with some degree of prejudice and possibly lack of flexibility. Likewise, Italians had a Perfectionist attitude based on Persistence but with Bias.
The Japanese emphasized Self-sufficiency. The conflict stands in "5.0: Need for self-sufficiency and sense of identity/minimizing ineptness". Also, Persistence "5.5: Persistence (determining attainment of happiness) and resisting underachievement" and Effort "5.3: Career consolidation and ambitious overachievement/ 9 underachievement" were very important for them.
The South Korean searchesconsisted of Persistence and Resistance "5.5: Persistence (determining attainment of happiness) and resisting underachievement" underachievement. They looked at the Bias to some degree in conflict "5.2: Tolerance/avoiding prejudice towards others". Lack of flexibility in conceptions of treatment might have been an important issue.
In Spain the attitude of Persistence indicated conflict "5.5: Persistence (determined attainment of happiness) and resisting underachievement", Perfection suggests conflict "Ambition (wanting to achieve)/striving for dominance" and Creative point to conflicting "5.4: Determination to succeed and little reaction to frustration or non-reward".
In England, Exertion action was important to the level of "5.1: Self-directedness (purposeful, executive)/striving for leadership" and actions must be Perfect "5.1: Ambition (wanting to achieve)/ striving for dominance". They also thought of Resistance and, more importantly, Selfsustainability, "5.0: Need for self-sufficiency and sense of identity/minimizing ineptness".
Americans wanted to take a nonjudgmental look as in conflict "5.7: Nonsuppression of what is true and resisting censorship of what is natural". Interestingly, Bias also played a part in their collective spirit, and this may have included the national split. Some people were judgmental and some were looking with prejudice. Selfsufficiency in "5.0: Need for self-sufficiency and sense of identity/minimizing ineptness" was also important. Simultaneously, they favored the Exertion of "5.1: Self-directedness (purposeful, executive)/striving for leadership" and objective government actions.

The conflicts identified in the Spiritual Plane (Consciousness of Goodness)
The highest search term in France, Iran, and Spain was coherence. Coherent "7.9: Wisdom (coherent understanding of faith, hope, and charity)" means seeing the whole and the unity of being and life, good and evil, night and day, men and women and ourselves and others not as separate entities but as components of a coherent whole. In France, along with Coherence, forgiveness and Compassion and rejection of the evils of others, along with Tolerance, "7.4: Trust in divine mercy" and acceptance of hardships and difficulties "7.6: Restfulness (accepting correction easily)" make up other aspects of French spirituality.
To Iranians, along with Coherence, Hope, and Glory, "7.3: Reverent and Loving prayer giving thanks and glory" was another aspect of their spirituality. Similarly, in Spain, along with Coherence, Hope and Glorification of the "7.3: Reverent and Loving prayer giving thanks and glory", were active in their collective psyche.
To the Japanese and Germans, Hope as conflict "7.1: Understanding of hope (enlightened second nature, hopefulness) or self-recollection of the divinity of being", was the highest aspect of their spirituality, and perhaps due to their successful resurgence after World War II. In Germany Harmony, "7.5: Understanding of harmony (fluidity)", that all parts of the world are rotating in harmony, with a high level of praise and Glory, "7.3: Reverent and Loving prayer giving thanks and glory" are seen as other aspects of their spirituality. In Japan, on the other hand, along with Hope, Toleration, indicates conflict "7.4: Trust in divine mercy", and Gratitude, point out conflict "7.3: Reverent and loving prayer giving thanks and glory".
People in the USA increased their Tolerance, "7.4: Trust in divine mercy", and Acceptance, "7.6: Restfulness (accepting correction easily)". There was also a growing reliance on Hope, as in conflict "7.1: Understanding of hope (enlightened second nature, hopefulness) or selfrecollection of the divinity of being". The collective spirit of Americans will spiritually embrace acceptance of change as a spiritual matter.
The British also moved towards Tolerance, moderateness, and Hope, as well as Confidence and trust in the ultimate, as conflict "7.8: Unshakable confidence and love of the truth". South Koreans experienced higher Toleration. They also had higher Coherence and Confidence. Italians experienced spiritual Tolerance and Hope. Table 7 summarizes the prevailing levels of conflict between the collective consciousness of the societies in the present study. The list of conflicts is based on Cloninger's "The Quantitative Measurement of Thought". 9 As can be seen in Table 8, each society was triggered by different levels of conflict and unresolved issues in facing the COVID-19 crisis. The societies act like human beings when dealing with a critical problem, 4 and their reactions to the crisis and their associated behavior patterns are profoundly affected by activated conflicts. This can either lead to dysfunctional behaviors and mismanagement or to resilience and well-being. For instance, activating the Lack of Self-Acceptance Conflict enables one not to implement the useful solutions that come to their mind, as they minimize their ability to deal with problems.
We also observed that some levels of conflict are active in the most basic layers of the collective spirit while others are at higher and more mature levels. For example, it is necessary for layers of society that reflect the lowest level of conflict (2.2) and engage in a lack of trust, to behave in a manner that does not over-activate the conflict, in other words, gain the trust of those layers.
In this study, no society showed merely high or low levels of conflicts. Therefore, the collective consciousness of all societies has conflicts at high and low levels of thought that necessitate appropriate measures for each layer. Table 9 illustrates the activated conflicts in regions in general. The first row shows the lowest level of conflicts, which according to Cloninger, are seen in psychosis. 9 In this stage there is no sign of awareness of the activated conflict; therefore, one of the reactions is chosen unconsciously without any contemplation. In other words, both the process of activation of conflict and the response to it is done unconsciously. At the next level, conflicts are more sensible. The sign of entering the "Gate of Reason" is seen by mutually accepting the conflict. The collective consciousness of societies can both see and accept the existence of inherent truth and legitimacy in both sides of the conflict to some extent. The ensuing illumination, consequently, results in finding nondualistic solutions to the conflict through sublimation. Passing this stage, societies reach awareness; that is, the crises leading to activation of conflicts are  not merely summarized in finding a solution but in development and growth. Through this stage, the unity and affinity of all beings are experienced in the collective consciousness. The dominance of and preoccupation with conflicts are overriding, and transcendence leads to wellbeing and resilience (Gate of Psyche stage).

Conclusion
The human psyche is a dynamic structure that reacts to a variety of events. People living in one area can be considered as cohesive units and since they have a common purpose, sufficient coherence is created for the formation of collective consciousness. Google Trends can be used to become familiar with what is most important for each society, thereby probing the depths of the collective consciousness. By tracking keywords related to conflicts, we can identify conflicts of different planes of being. Therefore, we can forecast these conflicts and identify related behaviors to be prepared for appropriate measures. This holds new insights especially for the educational systems in setting policies. Due to the crosssectional nature of this study, we can only describe the mentioned conflicts in a selected period and no cause and effect relationship can be concluded. Therefore, more longitudinal studies are suggested.

Ethical approval
Since this study is in the field of Google Trends, and there is no patient or human subject involved in the study, we felt that ethical consideration was not applicable.

Author contributions
AF and LMKH were involved in this study to design and data collection. AF provided the systematic analysis and finding results. AF, SBM, and LMKH draft the research and the manuscript.