Abstract
Background: Job satisfaction has a profound impact on productivity, retention, and overall performance in specialized fields such as pharmacology and toxicology. Understanding the determinants of job satisfaction and the rate of return on investment (ROR) for advanced education in these disciplines is crucial for aligning educational programs with workforce demands and improving healthcare outcomes.
Methods: This cross-sectional quantitative study surveyed 60 PhD graduates (39 pharmacology, 21 toxicology) from Iran, who completed their programs within the past four years. Participants were selected via simple random sampling using Cochran’s formula. Data, collected through an online questionnaire, covered demographics, employment status, job satisfaction, income alignment, and educational expenses. ROR was calculated using a standardized formula. Data analysis was performed using SPSS version 21.
Results: Mean job satisfaction scores were 2.03 (±0.52) for income-related items in pharmacology and 1.68 (±0.48) in toxicology graduates, indicating significant dissatisfaction. Satisfaction with professional associations was 1.95 (±0.44) for pharmacology and 1.32 (±0.51) for toxicology. Job content/identity and PhD relevance domains showed average satisfaction, with scores ranging from 2.98–3.64. The calculated ROR was 2.33% for pharmacology and 2.12% for toxicology graduates, reflecting full recovery of educational investments within four years.
Conclusion: The results highlight an urgent need for structural improvements in educational and professional systems to increase job satisfaction among pharmacology and toxicology PhD graduates. Addressing income disparities and strengthening the alignment between academic curricula and industry requirements are vital steps to cultivate a more motivated and effective pharmaceutical workforce, with positive implications for healthcare delivery and patient outcomes.